Neural Tube Defects – What They Are and How to Prevent Them

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth problems that happen when the baby's spine or brain doesn’t close properly in the first few weeks of pregnancy. The most common NTDs are spina bifida, where the spine stays open, and anencephaly, where parts of the brain are missing. They can lead to lifelong disability or, in severe cases, death.

Common Types and Why They Occur

Spina bifida comes in three forms: mild, moderate, and severe. Even the mild version can cause movement or bladder issues. Anencephaly is far more serious – babies with it usually don’t survive long after birth. These defects happen because the neural tube, a thin tube that becomes the brain and spinal cord, doesn’t seal by day 28 after conception. The exact reason isn’t always clear, but genetics, poor nutrition, and certain medicines raise the odds.

Practical Steps to Lower the Risk

One of the easiest ways to cut the risk is by taking enough folic acid. Health experts say 400 µg of folic acid every day, starting before you get pregnant, can prevent up to 70 % of NTDs. You can get folic acid from leafy greens, beans, and fortified cereals, or just take a prenatal vitamin that includes it.

Other lifestyle changes matter too. Keep a healthy weight, quit smoking, and limit caffeine. Some prescription drugs, like certain anti‑seizure meds, can increase NTD risk, so talk to your doctor if you need them. Conditions such as diabetes or obesity also raise the chance, so managing those before pregnancy is key.

Regular prenatal check‑ups let doctors spot potential problems early. Blood tests can check your folate levels, and ultrasound around week 12 can often see the neural tube closing. If something looks off, doctors might suggest extra folic acid or other interventions.

In short, most NTDs can be prevented with simple steps: start folic acid early, eat a balanced diet, avoid risky substances, and stay in touch with your healthcare provider. If you’re planning a baby, make a checklist and talk to a doctor about your personal risk factors. Taking these actions gives your baby the best start possible and reduces the chance of serious birth defects.